Failure of Vaccination - Carl Spinzig - 1881

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FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

VARIOLOUS INFECTION AN ILLUSION; VACCINATION AN IN-
JURY TO HEALTH AND A DANGER TO LIFE, AND AS A
PROTECTION AGAINST SMALL-POX, A VANITY.

BY CARL SPINZIG, M. D.

(Read before the St. Louis Medical Society, January 15, 1881.)

Reprint From THE Sr. Louis CLINICAL RECORD FOR FEBRUARY AND Maron, 1881.

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FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

BY CARL SPINZIG, M. D.

.1879 و

preventive power over the ‘‘small-pox
poison ” in its properly diluted state when
applied to a perfectly healthy person, com-
pares, in proportion, to an inflammation
excited by the prick of a pin in the cutis
intended to prevent e. g. pneumonia.

The ‘scientific proof” of the infectious
nature of varivla, controlable by vaccina-
tion, is then submitted in form of tabulated
evidence, and intended to exhibit the ‘‘ ad-
vantages” (here already advantage in lieu
of protection) manifested by those who had
taken small-pox and were previously vac-
cinated, over those who also had taken
small-pox and never had been vaccinated.
Pursuant to some reports (Philadelphia,
Berlin, etc.), the vaccinated cases exhibit
a rate of mortality only of one against
three of those unvaccinated, and that in
proportion to the number of plain and fall
vaccination marks the severity of small-
pox slides from the maximum to the mini-
mum. But such statistics are liable to
have recorded incidentalities, and are open

is | to numerous other and graye objections, yet

the convenience thereby afforded spares the
trying efforts of the scientific investigation
of physiologico or patho-chemical and
physical research.

Ultimately, after the originally claimed
“ protection,” the controlling influence of
vaccination over small-pox is, even statisti-
cally, not sustained. Refuge is then taken
in another assertion, that vaccination (re-
vaccination and frequent repetitions or sub-
sequent vaccination) exercises a mitigating
influence over the intensity of small-pox,
and thus, it is asserted, small-pox epi-
demics, at the present’ (î. e., in the latter
decades) have been but light and of less

x is eradicated !"—Aug. Friedr. Hecker, “needs
non nisi tardo pede progreditur."—Heinrich Re)

PROGNOSTICATION :— Small-
EXPERIENCE :— Ars meden

Within the compass of this but chanced
essay it might have appeared sufficient only
to prove by statistics the truth of the propo-
sitions enunciated in the heading, but as
statistical data generally, and those of vac-
-cination in particular, admit of any desired
flexibility, either to sustain arguments in its
favor or totally to condemn it, it is essen-
tial primarily to obtain a correct under-
standing of the nature of small-pox, of the
patho-chemical processes, and of the physi-
«cal laws that determine its occurrence,

The phrase, the ‘‘ variolous poison is a
specific entity, sui generis,” has, at the
present state of physiological science, no
other significance than being a contradictio
in adjecto, having no other means of sup-
‘port as an established truth, except an
indiscriminating credulity, or interested
motives identified with the spoils of vac-
cination. i

In harmony with the doctrine of specific
infection, nothing is required to be known
-of the nature of variola.

The mysterious ‘‘ poison of infection
beyond the limits of physical analysis, and
its action on the human organism is hence
regarded also beyond explanation. It is,
therefore, essential, in this ‘‘ enlightened
mystery,” to employ another mystery, viz:
vaccination, as the intellectual antidote,
(analogous to the principles of homeo-
\pathy—similia similibus, ete.) which, by
means of dilution, is claimed to be posses-
sed of the requisite ability to afford protec-
tion. With gossip of this kind the multi-
tude is then lulled into dormancy, but alas,
-of a deceiving surity! Vaccination appears
equaled by the ‘* thirty-second dilution” of
Hahnnemann’s wisdom, for, its claimed

«9

4 FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

To indicate, in chronological succession,
the stages of these processes and the space
of time elapsing for the completion of each,
would, in this place, be only a repetition of
what has been submitted in extenso in our
pamphlet on Variola, of 1878. Here it
may suflice once more to state the fact,
since corroborated, that the eruptive charac-
terof small-pow is the outward manifesta-
tion of a process of decomposition of the
blood, produced by the disproportionate
quantity (from an excess of .05 to .08 per
cent.) of urea.

By reliable chemical analysis in physio-
logical research, extending over a period of
more than two decades, the fact is now
fairly established, as is stated by most
eminent authority,* that normal human
blood does not contain more than .01 to .02
per cent of urea, but variolous blood .08 per
cent. and over.¢ The accumulation of urea
in the blood is owing to structural changes
of the glands of secretion (kidneys, ete.),
which thus fail properly to functionate, and
from decomposed nitrogenized and albu-
minous matter throughout the human organ-
ism.} Its immediate augmentation is due,
in a great measure, to the proneness to de-
composition, which is effected by even a
slight increase of individual caloric, thereby
evolving gases (carbonic acid, carburetted
hydrogen and ammonia), some of which are
highly expansible and unduly increase the
pressure of the blood, particularly in the

*Gorup-Besanez. Physiologische Chemie,

0026 et Feltz, Maladies infectieuses.

{A healthy man voids about half an ounce of
urea in twenty four hours.—Golding Bird, Uri-
TAY Deposits, p. 77.

reais also derived from the decomposition of
uric acid, which already takes place at 680 Fahr.
Here is the equation:

UricAcid:— ©. N. H. 0O.
a E ‘eu 5 4 7 8 16
leaving in o atoms of urea; 1
Jar ng : h 3 and six ot
GN. لقح و‎
4 4 8 4
6 — — 12
OC.” ادا‎ dive NO:
o 3 Wi 4 5 8 16
mpare er, Pflueger’s Archiv, 1868, p. 4
and Golding Bird, 2 وو سكي و‎

frequent occurrence.* In substance, this
dernier pretext is literally crushed by the
weight of the evidence from the destruc-
tive epidemics that devastated Europe and
America in 1870, 1871-72. Moreover, the
arguments in its favor are partly invalidated
by the facts that the social state and the
hygienic conditions of those suffering from
small-pox are of marked difference, and
prove in favor of those vaccinated (demon-
strated by the records of Philadelphia,
Berlin and Vienna), for the suffering prole-
tary contributed most extensively to the
rate of mortality, and among whom vaccin-
ation, as a rule, is usually neglected.

In correct inquiry, in medical science,
the nature of the object, here small-pox,
must be understood before remedial meas-
ures can be recommended with propriety ;
the study, therefore, of the nature of small-
pox, and, eo ipso, of ‘‘ infection,” must be
first in order.

In consequence of the facts derived from
the morbid anatomy in variola, especially
when the period of development of the
morbid structural changes is compared with
the space of time allotted to it by the doc-
trine of specific infection, the ۰۰ infectious”
origin and *‘ specific” nature of small-pox
must unceremoniously be rejected. The
lesions, revealed by the autopsy, can not
assume the degree of morbid alterations
presented during the period of ‘ incuba-
tion” and duration of the disease to date
of death, a period of about two to three
weeks,* the grave forms, lardaceous degen-
eration and disintegration of the glandular
tissue, require, by far, a longer period.
Thus the true nature of the small-pox pro-
cess can only be comprehended after imag-
inary morbid causes are excluded from
consideration, and the elements engaged
therein are recognized as physiological
component parts of the human organism,
changed by the surrounding physical influ-
ences into pathological compounds.

* Compare author’s pamphlet on Variola, ete.,
1878, p. 38.

FAILURE OF VACCINATION. 5

These facts, relating to the natural his-
tory of variola, grow in importance when
we remember that urea is found in the
human system in a higher per centage in
the winter than in summer, and that it is
more predominant in the male than in the
female ; in the child more than in the adult,
but in the aged less than in either.* More-
over, we should remember the clinical fact
that males are more numerously affected by
small-pox than females, children more than
adults, and the aged the least of all.
Further, that in geographical distribvtion
the same law is found in operation, viz: in
hot regions, small-pox prevails chiefly in
high elevations (from six to ten thousand
feet) and in the plains it nearly disappears.
These facts of observation are chiefly no-
ticed in Mexico, Central America, South
America and Africa (Egypt).{ It is, hence,
fully evident, from the general facts and
statistical data adduced, that the law is
established, and as these facts precisely

* Compare Gorup-Besanez. 1. رت‎ pp. 587 and 590,

} To corroborate this clinical fact, the following
tabular statements of mortality, which is a fair

index of the percentage of morbidity, of sex and
age, may here be reproduced :

Males, 56 83 per cent.
Females, 43.17 ۰
Years.

50-60.

SEX :—

Of 175 children under ten years of age, 97 were
males and 78 females. Of 558 deaths from small-
pox, the age is represented in the following table:
Years. Number. Years, Number.

The first two tables are copied from the Annual
Report of the Board of Health, Philadelphia for
the year 1872, and the third one from the Jahres-

bericht des Wiener Stadt Fysikates, for 1879.

{Compare Lombard, Climatologie medicale,
Vol. III, pp. 357 to 389 and 560; also Muehry,
Klimatologische Untersuchungen, p. 277. In Mo-
rocco, where nothing but filth is met with, and a
total absence of medical knowledge. small-pox is
not destructive. owing to the mild climate (G.
Rohlfs, Arch. Vol. I, p. 190).

capillary circulation. Thus the functions
of the kidneys are greatly interrupted and
a high degree of a uremic (azoturic) pois-
oning of the blood will be the result, It is
obvious, and, in this connection, perhaps,
proper to observe that, in the winter season,
merely limited meteorological fluctuations
are sufficient to promote such processes in
the human organism, and which, in their
outward reaction, produce exanthematous
manifestations. Moreover, by the degree
of intensity of the meteorological variations
and by the potency of uremic reaction, the
species of the eruption is determined, as
this regressive action is analogous to that
produced by fibrinous fermenting matter
(fibrinfermente—Koehler) which from the
energetic absorption of oxygen lead, in the
reaction of small-pox, to the formation of
vesicles upon those surfaces to which atmos-
pheric air hae uninterrupted access.

Small-pox, like scarlatina and rubeola,
according to their etiology, appertain to
that class of diseases which prevail in the
wintry season, when, from the intensity of
the variations of meteorological influences,
an epidemic prevalence results.*

* Most convincing evidence, in behalf of these
propositions, occurred h re in St. Louis, some few
weeks since. Within one week, three daughters
in one tamily died of scarlatina that could not be
traced to infection; the residence of the family is
located healthfully and conforms with ordinary
sanitary regulations. The first daughter, aged five
years and three months, died Nov. 27th; the sec-
ond, aged seventeen years and two months, died
on the 28th of November; the third, aged two
years and eleven months, died Dec. 1, 1880.

Now it may be borne in mind that the wintry
weather bere set in on the 6th of November and
continued, with only quotidian interruptions until
the 12th of December, and from then until now.
The above mortality coincided with the period of
the greatest meteorological fluctuation, viz: when
the barometrical rangrs were equaling those ex-
tending over a period of an entire year. And in
conformity with the barometrical fluctuation, the

temperature fluctuated as a matter of consequence.
The meteorological records are as follows :

Barometer. Degree. Time.
Maximum... 786 Nov. 22, 7 a.m.
Minium... 29329 Dec. 4, 11 P.M.

Range, in thirteen days, 1.457 inches,
Time.
Nov. 22, 7 a. ۰
ec. 4 11 P. ۰

6 FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

are intended to exhibit the ‘‘small-pox
poison,” and which is supposed to be bac-
terii and bacteridii that have entered the
system from without, as by injecting blood
from}variolous patients, either in the liquid
or dried state, the same kind of bodies are
subsequently visible on: microscopic exam-
ination. Many of the rabbits thus experi-
mented on died soon afterward.

But similar, if not identical, effects are
produced by mixing blood from healthy
rabbits with a solution of chemically pure
urea, and keeping the mixture in a warm
room (65° to 70° F.) for eight or twelve
hours. A great many of the blood cor-
puscles have then become granular, and
have serrated or thorny edges. The liquor
sanguinis contains large numbers of *‘danc-
ing” granules of urea which resemble most
perfectly micrococct and shreddy bacterii.
The spectroscopic analysis of variolous
blood, executed by Ooze et Feltz, prove
also nearly identical with those of Prof.
Preyer (compare Pflueger’s Archiv, Vol. I),
with uric acid on hemoglobin. In both
examinations the hemoglobin impressions
had vanished,

With the view that small-pox never
originated except by conveyance or *‘ infec-
tion,” and that the supposed ‘infecting ”
agent is a form representation of the lowest
degree of organic development (similar to
the also supposed ‘‘ malarial poison”), it is
intimated that atmospheric ozone, when
acting in the normal mean, or even in an
excess, would be the natural antidote also
to variola, as the fact is well established
that intermittent and remittent fevers dis-
appear when ozone is predominant. But,
as we know, variola can not be classified
with fevers that originate and prevail in the
summer and autumnal season when urea in
the blood is reduced to the minimum,
and glyecogenie matter predominates. The
pathogeny of those fevers is influenced by ۰
ozone, as by this agent it is reconverted
into chemico-physiological processes that.
are curative of the fevers. In variola,

correspond in elucidating a fundamental
truth, that the nature of small-pox is found
in the reaction of urea on the blood, and
that small-pox will occur and prevail when
and where the reaction of urea is intensified
by the nature of physical surroundings.

From the physical nature of urea we
know that it is readily dissolved by the
warm animal fluids (warm water dissolves
it in any proportion), and thus, from its
proneness to decomposition, it acts on the
blood corpuscles as a deoxidizing (reduc-
ing) agent.*

Oxygen is then at first attracted in the
formation ef septic matter, as a matter of
consequence, and which again energetically
absorbs additional oxygen from the atmos-
phere, analogous to ‘‘fibrinous ferments,”
and thereby the capillary vessels of those
surfaces to which atmospheric oxygen is
most readily accessible, are infiltrated with
septic matter, and there terminate, by way
of diapedesis, into the formation of the con-
tents of the subsequent small-pox vesicles,
which, in their phases, constitute septic
abscesses on a small scale.

In the study of the etiology of variola,
and if the theory of infection is admitted,
the belief appears to be entertained that
the morbid altefations of the blood cor-
puscles, as the peculiarities are found on
microscopic examination, are a direct dem-
onstration of the presence and form of the
>> specific poison of infection.” But, in the
limited compass of that mode of inquiry,
the actual state of the facts is not realized.
Those visible changes can be produced arti-
ficially by exposing healthy blood to the
reaction of a solution of urea. This sub-
ject is of uncommon interest, and it may,
hence, not appear improper to allude to it
here in detail.

The lithographie representations of cor-
puscies of variolous blood submitted by
Coze et Feltz (Op. Cit., plate iv, fig. vii),

+ Urea reacts intensely on the blood corpuscles.
—Rollet, vide Stricker, Lehre von den Geweben,
page 290.

FAILTRE OF VACCINATION. 7

RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
Month,

Month. Variation.

Jan. .... +45

Feb... ....—1
March .......—0.5 1
Aprils RS SLL :
May. s.s.s.. .-+5.2 + 4.3
June.. .......-92.4 Dec........+ 44
Annual mean................... 6

Annual mean rain-fall, var. ..—19.0 m. m.

It will be seen that these variations are
extreme. In their fluctuations and inten-
sity of reaction, during the season in which

. | they were irregular, is to be found the

cause of the morbid phenomenon here
under consideration.

In order to compare the law of causation
with the results of morbidity and mortality
of variola, the following two tables are of
great interest. They illustrate the verified
fact that variola, in its occurrence and fatal
effects, is on a parallel with the meteoro-
logical seasonal influences, and thatits pre-
dominance is in a ratio with the intensity
of reaction of their irregularities.

Morbidity of variola at Vienna in the
year 1877:

Month, No. cases. Month. No. cases.
July... 78
Aug... 60
Sopta ssa cssc. 46

91
129
184

JUNC. sss sesse (600 coos
Total for the year........ 1,749

Mortality of variola at Vienna in the

„|year 1877:

Month, Male, Female, Total.
January s.s........ 47 88 85
36 33 69

44 41 85

.. 38 37 75

23 25 48

28 18 41

14 21 35

August..ssceeeeees 18 10 23
September ......... 8 17
October «. 16 27
November 21 44
December.....+...« 20 19 39
Totals. .........1 287 588

The meteorological variations at Vienna

urea is in excess and glycogonic matter is
almost entirely missing; ozone, therefore,
does not influence the pathogeny of variola,
and variola is, hence, found to prevail
when ozone exists in the air even in marked
excess. A direct proof is afforded by the
records of Vienna, of the year 1877, when
that place was subject to a rather light epi-
demic of variola, and the monthly means
of atmospheric ozone were in excess, as
recorded in the following table (Annual

Report d. Stadtfysikates for 1877) :
Month. Per cent. Month.

JUNE... 7.8 DeCereesscveesb.7
Annual mean............. 7.85
` To learn the approximate normal monthly
and yearly means of ozone at Vienna, the
rates for 1854 and 1855 are here repro-
duced :
Month. Per cent.
Jan 6 oe ee ee 0005.23
Feb... «۰۰۰.00
...5.71
...4.25
...4.30
Tune s.es. eee 63.75
Annual mean..............4.06

But of the meteorological fluctuations
which are essential to the origin and preva-
lence of variola, the following variations
are recorded at Vienna for the year 1877:

BAROMETER.

Month. Variation. Month.
JAn..........—0.5

Month. Per ceni,

July ..........5.58

June SEE TET
Annual mean.............—1.5

THERMOMETER.
Month, Variation. Month. Variation,
July.. s... -+19.2

160.... ك....‎ 7
March....--+ 7
April.......+ 1

May........+11.9
June .......+19.7
Annual mean............—

FAILURE OF VACCINATION,

diseases, and their subtile modes of diffu-
sion have, by infectionists, been designated
the source of the propagation. But from
the ‘‘ cylindrotenium” to the ۰ globulated
bacterii,” ‘‘ shreddy bacterii ” and ‘* bacte-
ridii,” the entire series is now known as
mere products of the process of decomposi-
tion, forming the patho-chemical basis of
one or the other epidemic disease.

The fermentative process supposed to be
produced by virtue of one or another
fungoid’growth, which, in consequence of its
special characteristics, determines the re-
spective form of any of the ““ zymotic dis-
eases,” is now demonstrated to be simply a
process of oxidation, as ‘‘ zymogen,” a
non-fermenting substance of the pancreatic
secretions, is converted into ‘* trypsine,” a
highly fermentable substance, by the in-
crease of its equivalent proportion of oxy-
gen; and that ‘‘trypsine” is as readily
reducible to ‘*zymogen” by diminishing
the quantity of its oxygen to the original
chemical standard (Compare L. Hermann,
Handbuch der Physiologie, Vol. V, p. 189).
Whatever form representative of retrogres-
sive growths is observed in fermentation
can, hence, not be recognized as the cause,
but only as a product of this process, of
which oxygen is the agent and these
growths, as material, only form a part of
the agency for inducing an augmentation of
fermentation. This fact is well founded in
mycology by direct observation (Karsten,
Hallier), and was abundantly corroborated
by the late Dr. Theodore Hilgard, of this
city, viz: the access of atmospheric air
and the composition of the substrata or
nutrient matter upon which the fungus is
cultivated, determine its form representa-
tion (Eidam, Mycologie, p. 187).

Owing to these cardinal points in natural
history, the hypothesis of the ‘ specific
nature of the ‘‘germs of infection” as the
cause of diseases occurring epidemically,
naturally proved contradictory in the ex-
planation of the origin and diffusion of
those diseases, and the proof supposed to

8

for 1877 compare fairly with those of Phila-
delphia at the time of the great epidemic of
1871-72. At both places, low borometri-
cal pressure, high rates of temperature,
also high rates of relative humidity and de-
ficiency of rain-fall, are noted. - But it may
not be necessary here to represent the man-
ner in which these influences react on the
human organism, This has been, to some
extent, already indicated, and is elucidated
by the study of biology and climatology.
Here it is only requisite to direct attention
to their preéxistence and co-existence with
the occurrence and prevalence of small-pox.

The existence of the supposed agent of
infection, the *‘ infectious X” is, under the
focus of scientific inquiry, consequently,
nowhere to be discovered, and the agency *
active in the causation of epidemics, can
not be admitted to be the asserted ‘‘ impor-
tation” and ‘ transmissibility from person
to person or by things,” but can only be
recognized ‘according to the ,evidence that
we have produced, viz: that the nature of
surrounding physical influences determines
the line of demarcation of healthful or
morbid action, and by the potency of their
shadings, in the respective season and at
the respective station, specialize the type
of the prevailing epidemic.

In the presence of these facts, the ques-
tion suggests itself: what is to be under-
stood by the nature of the supposed
““ poison of infection?” Although various
efforts have been made, at different periods,
to demonstrate the nature and character of
the *‘ infectious agent,” yet so far as the
results of inquiry are brought to general
knowledge, nothing of a definite character
or °“ specific nature” can be demonstrated.
Organic forms of the lower and lowest type
of organization, whose nature is identified
with that of retrogressive metamorphosis,
were regarded as the true cause or the
agents of several, at least, of the epidemic

* These terms are here employed upon a elassi-
cal definition of Dr. J. E. Tefft, Springfield; Mo.,
kindly suggested in و‎ private letter.

9

Inoculation (attenuation) was then aband-
oned (Compare the Vaccination Inquirer,
Nov. 1879, p. 105).

However, all of these assertion can not
be claimed as ‘‘Pasteur’s discoveries,”
nearly the entire series have formed the
basis of the nosology of infection for sev-
eral decades, and the doctrine upon which
vaccination is based, has been in vogue,
following similar ideas, for more than a
century.

Neither is the supposition of Prof. Pas-
teur strictly original as expressed in regard
to the “anthrax poison ;” that from buried
animals, the poison would be brought to the
surface again by the earth worms. It is
stated that the bacterii would adhere to the
surface of those worms, and would, in that
manner, be brought again upon the surface
of the earth, subsequently these being dried
and carried off by air currents and thus be
generally diffused for another infection.
Prof. Pettenkofer claims to have first ex-
pressed such ideas respecting the diffusion
of cholera, based on a similar supposition.
This writer was of the opinion more than
fifteen years ago, that deposits from cholera
patients, containing the ‘* poison,” were
absorbed by the ground, from thence again
emitted into the air, and there generally
diffused, and thus causing new infections.
But at the present day this hypothesis is
regarded as entirely obsolete even by radi-
cal infectionists.

To prove the illusion of Prof. Pasteur’s
supposition in regard to the revivification
and diffusion of the “anthrax poison,” as
an illustration of infection, attention is
invited to the fact that bacterii, bacteridii,
sporules, micrococci, ete., etc., are found
in myriads in the cesspools drained from
dung piles; in ichorous fluids of decom-
posed animal substance, and in manure.
Now, mostly all over the earth’s surface,
these substances are taken to the fields as
fertilizers, particularly in close proximity
to most populous cities (here at St. Louis,
for instance, by the gardeners), and the

FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

be at hand in sustaining ‘‘ infection” as to
origin and portability, or the mode of diffu-
sion, was exploded as a fact of experience
after every epidemic. But efforts are not
yet spared to revive the theory of specific
infection. It is suggested by the “germ
doctrine,” although it is the ultimate rescue,
that what are termed ‘the Pasteur discov-
eries” are direcy evidence in its behalf.

Although the statements of Prof. Pasteur,
made before the Academy of Science, at
Paris, during the year 1880, have, in this
city, been accessible only in fragments, yet
the evidence is fully obtained that the exis-
tence of a contagium vivum is admitted, by
which the endeavor is made to explain the
origin and propagation of epidemic diseases
(small-pox as one of them). For cholera
the microbion is claimed to be the “؛‎ cholera
organism ;” for anthrax micrococcus, spor-
ules, bacterii, etc., etc., (according to
Samuel, bacillus anthracis) to be the infect
ing poison; for small-pox, as of old, the
unknown ‘*X,” and therefore itis, by Prof.
Pasteur, confidently believed that variola
and vaccine virus will prove to be identical
(of which, however, there has of lute been
no more dispute)» It is thus further inti-
mated, that in the attenuation of the virus,
vaccinating, small-pox and cholera(?), will
be found the prophylactic power against the
true disease, in conformity with the doc-
trine, in the case of small-pox that an indi-
vidual can be infected but once.

If science lacks better information, elini-
cal history alone could produce facts proving,
the contrary. That “attenuation” (i. e.,
“vaccination” or ‘* inoculation”), is fol-
lowed by a signal failure, may be learned
from the fact that, in Paris, as early as
1756, inoculation was practiced, and that a
small-pox epidemic devastated that city in
1763. Those inoculated contracted the
disease as well as those who have been vac-
cinated at the present day, and that Louis
XV suffered from small-pox when fourteen
years of age and died of the same disease
in 1774, at the age of sixty-four years.

i FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

The view that they are to be recognized as
the source of °“ specific infection” must,
therefore, be rejected, from the known facts
of their natural history.

They are not the seeds of fructification in
the development of special diseases, but they
simply constitute material which, in com-
bination with other fermentable substances,
undergo septic (regressive) actions, analo-
gous to urea in combination with albumin-
ates or plasma.

Adverting now to vaccination, and bear-
ing in mind the identity of vaccine lymph
with that of the variola pustule, or that
both contain merely the elements of pus
(perhaps a higher percentage of urates re-
spectively), the danger must be compre-
hensible to every one conversant with
physiological chemistry, to which a per-
son is exposed, particularly in early child-
hood, by being inoculated (i. e., vaccin-
ated) with such material of decay; and
the vanity of the ‘* protective power” of
“t vaccine” matter over the fancied ‘* poison
of the specific infection” of small-pox is
obvious.

By the masterly and most exhaustive
treatise of Keber* on vaccine lymph, and
by the thorough investigations microscopi-
cally, chemically and spectroscopically, of
yariolous blood, variola and vaccine lymph,
by Coze et Feltz (L. C. p. 179), the iden-
tity of vaccine and variola lymph is fully
established; also by the inquiry of the
author, submitted in his treatise on variola
(published in 1878), in which the results
of extensive and careful personal examina-
tions of variolous lymph are narrated and
the facts indicated of its identity with vac-
cine lymph. Both contain the elements of
common pus, and the origin of which is
identical with that of the latter, according
to the observations of Cohnheim (Entzuen-
dung, pp. 66 and 67, Embol. Proc., p. 102).

Now these substances of disintegration,

*Ueber die mikroscopishen Bestandtheile der
Pocken Lymphe, Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XLII,
p- 112, ete. i

10

augmented crop, thus harvested in return,
is there consumed without extermination of
man and beast, as logically the result ought
to be in accordance with the views of infec-
tion potentialized as suggested by the
۰» Pasteur discoveries.” To illustrate fur-
ther the illusion attending that doctrine, the
city of Croyden(?), England, may be cited
here, where all dejections, slops, and foul
water are conveyed by sewerage to meadows
under irrigation, for fertilizing, the crop of
hay harvested in consequence thereof is
increased many fold, and the live-stock is
fed with that hay ; and now the butter and
milk obtained from the stock and the meat
of it is consumed by the inhabitants, yet it
is not known that they are subject to more
frequent or more intense epidemics than
the inhabitants of other English cities.
Those abortive bodies, the supposed agents
of “infection” as we know are of the
lowest form representations in the regres-
sive metamorphosis, and many of them
have not even the power to propagate their
own species. In “fermentation” they con-
tribute to the augmentation of decomposi-
tion. Through warmth and moisture, they
energetically absorb oxygen and cause that
process to take a more rapid and intensified
course. In their reaction, in the process of
fermentation, they are analogous to lepto-
thrix cells, and in regressive actions of the
human organism, if injected directly into
the blood, to urea; they are agents accom-
panying the fermentative processes, and by
means of which they disintegrate. Their
recurrence from decay and putrefaction
proves, consequently, that they pertain to
the products of these processes. Accord-
ing to Karsten, ‘‘ they neither appertain
to the animal nor to the vegetable world,
their mission being only to contribute to
the promotion of putrefaction and disin-
tegration, like all septic bodies. They
are .only the constant companions of
death” (compare Eidam, Mycologie, p.
186), hence they are totally devoid of
specific quality.

11

epidermis by the operation designated vac-
cination. and thus producing a slight septic
poisoning, would not survive the ordinary
course of morphological rotation.
Admitting, for the sake of argument,
that by such septic poisoning the ““ suscep-
tibility ” to small-pox would be suspended
(i. e., for the time being), its reaction on
the blood, however, would in a very
short period (within three or four weeks)
be completely overcome, unless structural
changes of other vital organs had followed.
Thus the *‘ protection,” even if it be ad-
mitted, would be but ephemeral. But on
the contrary, is the system in such condition
that an already uremic reaction may have
matured, and its grave effects are ignited
by access of septic matter from vaccinna-
tion,. either, as frequently is the case, a
general and graye variolous eruption fol-
lows, or aseptic decomposition of the blood,
ending in the death of the patient.
Whenever vaccination remains a mere
local irritation, which is fortunate to those
vaccinated, its effects are cast off again
without having affected the constitution.
No general impression is made, as no ab-
sorption has taken ‘place beyond the local
sphere of the gangrenous inflammation.
But when constitutional symptoms follow,
septic inflammatory fever and deranged
functions of the organs of secretion, in
consequence of ensuing structural altera-
tions, the danger is imminent that pulmo-
nary tubercular deposits will also take
place, fiom the morbid products which are
not cast off by the cuticular local sores and
are circulating through the system. They
become in part arrested in the pulmonary
capillaries, leading there to the formation
of thrombi or embolisms, and finally, in
consequence of chronic inflammatory irrita-
tion, to tubercular nodules.*
These facts are verified directly by experi-
ments in the physiological laboratory, by
* Compare Virchow, Cell Pathol, 4th Edition,
pp. 261 and 245. Hueter Klin. Vortraege, No. 49,

Gerhardt, ibid, No. 91. Cless, Impfung‏ .288 .م
und Pccken, pp. 10 and 11. 2‏

FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

هه

if applied in a diluted form (attenuation),
namely, by vaccination, it is asserted, in
favor of vaccination, will ‘‘protect” against
an influence of which the ۰۰ specific” nature
and mode of action is, in harmony with the
specific infection theory, also a supposition,
and if the hypothetical ** specific” materies
morbi of small-pox would thereby not be
counteracted, a modifying effect would, at
any rate, be the result. Pursuant to these
suppositions, it is therefore suggested that
two like processes can not transpire simul-
taneously in our systems.

It is surprising, as this doctrine is quite
identical with the nosological views of Hahn-
nemann and the actions of his therapeutics,
that it could be (and is yet) endorsed by
the ‘‘ regular” profession. Moreover, as it
is thereby admitted that homogenious sub-
stances (humanized vaccine and variola
lymph or pus) exercise a specific protec-
tion for a number of years* (similia sim-
ilibus).

But, remembering that the etiology of
small-pox rests primarily in the prevalence
of physical influences, which cause a
uremic patho-chemical reaction in our or-
ganism, and that urea reacts on the blood
analogous to septic matter—in case of its
absence, or if not exceeding the normal
proportion—the general effects of vaccina-
tion, either from injecting minimum quanti-

ties of septic matter into the blood current
or introducing it in the usual way under the

* In this connection it is important to be aware
that in the human organism (at least) nothing is at
rest, “dormant” or “latent,” there is a continual
progression (constructive metamorphosis, and re-
gression (regressive metamorphosis) in all its ele-
ments and tissues. According to Mole-schott, man
has, on an average, about 24 pounds of blood, and
the oxygen which is taken up in four to five days,
by means of respiration, would be sufficient to oxi-
dize all carbon and bydrogen of those 24 pounds
of blood into carbonic acid and water, hence, the
blood, being about one-fifth part of a grown person,
if it were consumed (metamorphosed) within five
days the entire body ought to be transformed in
five times five (25) days. Artificially colored blood
corpuscles of the sheep, introduced in large quan-
tities into the circulation of a frog, disappeared on
the seventeenth day entirely. Compare Dr. H.
Rohlfs, Deutsches Archiv. fuer Geschichte der
Medivian etc., Band I, Heft 1; pp. 120-121.

FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

and the modus operandi determining the
vesicular eruption is understood, the phan-
tom “ infection” has lost its significance ;
also the presumed value of the hitherto
employed prophylactic, vaccination. And,
if statistics had been computed correctly,
vaccination, at the present day, would be
doomed to oblivion. Reliable statistics,
long ago, have proved it to be utterly futile,
which, naturally, could not be otherwise.

But as vaccination is a convenient meas-
ure for tyrannical police regulation, and
simultaneously offers many opportunities
for pecuniary aims (in England $1,500,000
are annually expended for it), a clamorous
adherence for its maintenance is manifested
by those who are interested, and utter-
ances: ‘* We have reduced even small-pox
to human control” * are purposely ven-
tured and circulated. Faulty statistics are
therefore submitted by the ‘ authorities.”

However, vaccination had to be acknowl-
edged as without scientific basis, and its
practice to be simply an empiricism, by the
most faithful, believers in it. It is there-
fore evident, as there are only statistical
data to be appealed to in its behalf, and
which prove to be inadmissible as evidence,
as they record mere convenient incidentali-
ties, the claimed ‘protective power” of
vaccination against small-pox is fictitious—
nay, it is a vanity! Is it not, then, humili-
ating, that after the proclamation: ‘‘ even
small-pox is brought under human control”
by yaccination and revaccination, to see
devastating epidemics of small-pox return-
ing, befalling the vaccinated, revaccinated,
and those who in addition had survived one
or more attacks of variola? Thus proving
such assertions gratuitous gossip.

In the agony of the contradicting evidence
which exhibits more than a two-third plu-
rality of the ‘ protected” to take small-pox

* Compare Plumbers and Sanitary Engineer, N.

Y., March 1. 1880, page 127. Further, Becker,

Handbuch der Vaccinationslehre, p. 113, where is
enigmatically ‘stated: “Der Mensch hatte das
Pockencontagium sich dienstbar gemacht, es
gewissermassen gezaehmt.”

12

clinical observation, and by occasional
deaths from vaccination.*

The maximum of tubercular mortality is
found recorded for all localities where vac-
cination is performed in the extreme, and
the minimum where vaccination is also
observed in a minimum degree, or is
omitted.}

To facilitate a comparison on these pre-
eminently important facts, the following
list of localities, representing in the first
column those of the maximum, and in the
second those of the minimum, is here re-
produced :

{Vienna, Algiers,

Berlin, Braunschweig, (city)
Geneva, France, (in cities)
London, Genoa,

New York, Naples,
Philadelphia, Rome,

St, Louis, Turin,

New Orleans, Venice,
Richmond, Va., St. Helena,
Baltimore, Treland.
Cincinnati.

Since the nature of variola and the eti-
ology of this dire malady is no longer a
mystery, the causes demonstrable upon
which an epidemic occurrence is dependent,

* Statistical data of the injuries from vaccina-
tion have mostly, everywhere, been excluded from
the records; but since the agitation against vac-
cination has become universal, at Berlin the facts
could no longer be suppressed, that vaccination is
followed by injurious results. Professor Finkeln-
burg, men-ber of the German “Reichs Gesund-
heitsamt” (National Board of Health), had to
acknowledge, lately, as stated by Dr. H. Rohlfs,
1. c, p- 127, that twenty-five officially confirmed
cases were brought to notice. On this continent,
in San Francisco, Cal.; quite recently, a boy, age
thirteen years, died from the effects of vacination.
The a of vaccination had become a large
sloughing sore, from which absorbtion of putrid
matter had taken place. The patient was greatly
emaciated, and died with symptoms of convulsion
complicated with trismus. The lymph employed
was obtained from the San Francisco Health De-
partment.—Amerika, St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 15, ۰

f Extreme heights; such as 15,000 feet altitude in
the Andes, where pulmonary tuberculosis is said
not to prevail (Muehry, Lombard), are here not
considered.

{In the year 1877, at Vienna, four hundred
more died of pulmonary tuberculosis than irf the
year previous, an increase of eight per cent. ( Vide
* Jahresbericht;” ete , 1877, pp. 176-77).

18

may be more fully expressed by the details
of the following tables:
SMALL-POX EPIDEMICS IN ICELAMD.*

1347 great epidemic.

1380 do do

1430 8,000 deaths.

1511 great epidemic.

1555 do do

1574 do do

1580 a sort of varioloid.

1590 small-pox epidemic.

1616-17 do do
1632 do do
1636 do do
1655 do do
1658 do do

1670-71 varioloid and small-pox.
1707-108-109 terrible epidemic, mortality
18,000.

1742 light epidemic.

1762—63 do do

1785 do do

1786 epidemic, 1,237 deaths.

1787 do 118 do

1839-40 epidemic from importation.

By the statistical data of England, the
evidence is produced that vaccination is
also devoid of the mitigating effects over
small-pox, the dernier claim of the advo-
cates in its favor; nay, they prove that the
mortality of small-pox has constantly in-
creased, particularly since the enforcement
of the compulsory vaccination act.

MORTALITY FROM SMALL-POX IN ENGLAND.
Period. i Deaths.
1857—1859 هه‎ 44
1863—1865.. 20,059
19701-71872505. oot dalkn aon, 44,840

It is further of interest to learn the rates
of the vaccinated and unvaccinated having
taken small-pox in 1870-72 in Germany
(compare Becker, 1. ومع‎ chart at p. 261).
The vaccinated cases ascend from 20 to 400
at the age of 1 to 15 years; at the age of
15 to 25 years there is a decline from 400
to 372; at the age of 25 to 35 years a de-
cliné from 372 to 100, and at the age of 35

* Compare Anti-Vaccination Publications, Ger-
man edition, Hanover, 1880. It may be remem-
bered that the climate of Iceland is hibernal and
extreme. Infantile mortality isso great that not
more than one-half of the children attain the age
of fourteen yesrs, hence smail-pox is frequent and
grave.—Letters of Bayard Taylor.

FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

and frequently ending with grave mortality,
some source of ‘‘ importation” is sophistj-
cally then traced up, but from which ‘‘ in-
fection” is said to be spreading, owing, as
the excuse is added, to having been taken
by surprise. At first one or more ‘‘ unpro-
tected” are said to be affected, but subse-
quently (wonderful philosophy !) others are
found ‘‘infected” that have been vaccinated
and revaccinated frequently and ‘‘ success-
fully” so as to be entirely ‘‘ protected.”
Relief is then sought in asserting, and
with an air of indifference, that small-pox
was imported to Berlin, Prussia, in 1871,
by the French prisoners of war,* the offi-
cial ‘* sworn enemies,” t and being thereby
disseminated. At Vienna, in 1872, it was
suggested, in a similar mood, that the
wave of small-pox infection came from
Prussia via Bohemia.

But here, it must be asked, how and by
whom was London, in England, “infected,”
and how Philadelphia and other cities of
the United States, in 1871, as there was no
“ sworn enemy” to these nations, and
vaccination with all its variations had
equally or decidedly failed in its claimed
“t protection.” Were they also taken by
surprise 7

Small-pox epidemics come and go. Their
reaction of intensity and, periods of inter-
mission prove, for the past centuries, to
have been of no less nor greater dimen-
sions than during recent periods (i. e.,
since the introduction of vaccination).
Hundreds of years ago, to be sure, when
vaccination was unknown, the records of
Iceland show that several decades have
elapsed in succession, and the island was
free from small-pox; so also, immediately
prior and subsequent to the introduction of
vaccination. The facts here mentioned

* Compare statement of Dr. Albert Guttstadt in
Zeitschrift des statistischen Rureaus, 1873.

+ Der officielle Erbfeind. Compare Carl Vo;
Die Wanderung der Thiere, Westermann’s
natshefte, Band 47;7page 49, ete.

{Compare Jahresbericht des Wiener Stadtfysi-
kates, 1877, page 62.

o-

FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

facts apply alike to both localities. Those
most comfortably situated, and embracing
the more intellectual class of the popula-
tion, suffered the least as to gravity, num-
ber of cases and mortality, but among
whom vaccination is not omitted, alone
from fear. Hence it is indisputable that
the minimum of mortality rates with the
better educated and wealthier class which
represents the vaccinated cases. The max-
imum rates with the uninformed and prole-
tary, or the class of the unvaccinated.

The validity of these statistics in proof
of the mitigating effect of vaccination over
small-pox mortality must even be rejected,
as its basis is proved faulty.

In London, 7,876 deaths from small-pox
occurred in the year 1871, notwithstanding
the compulsory vaccination law is in force
in England since 1854, and is executed
with an unparalleled cruelty and tyranny.*
There an individual is punished for one and
the same offense (omitting vaccination) to
an unlimited extent, until the provisions of
the law are complied with. In England
there is no possibility of escaping yaccina-
tion, and, in addition, the multitude is there
grossly terrified about the danger of taking
small-pox by neglect of vaccination and
frequent revaccination. Officially, it is
unhesitatingly asserted, that those vaccin-
ated are ““ protected.” t

But as England, in 1871, and the United
States, had no °“ official sworn enemy” to
whom the ‘importation of the poison of
infection” could be attributed, yet, in both
countries (London and Philadelphia as
representative cities), in defiance of the
tt protection” of vaccination, small-pox

*Mr. William Tebb, of London, prosecuted
twelve times for refusing to have his children vac-
cinated, stated before the American Anti-Vaccina-
tion League, that in Engl+nd 80 per cent. of small- ۰
pox mortality was from vaccinated cases.— Vaccin-
ation Inquirsr, Nov. 1879, p. 119.

+ See Bauke’s Vacvination Acts, .م‎ ix. It may
here be proper to find pretension of the sas
of Prof. Preyer, when be says: “ Das nie irgend
Einer und sei er der Edelste und Groesste, unges-
traft die Wissenschaft irgendwo durch einen

Machtspruch zuverbarricadiren versucht hat.”—
Ursache des Schlafes, n. 27.

14

to 60 years a decline from 100 to nothing.
Of the unvaccinated, the rates range in the
following manner: At the age of 1 to 7
years there is an ascent from 230 to 250;
at the age of 7 to 25 years a decline from
250 to 210; at the age of 25 to 35 yearsa
decline from 210 to 60, and at the age of
35 to 60 years a decline from 60 to nothing.

Thus the facts are corroborated through
the data submitted even by a most enthusi-
astic advocate of vaccination, that the
maximum rate of small-pox cases occur
among those that have been vaccinated,

At Paris, France, in 1870, vaccination
was resorted to as perhaps never before,
and in the great majority of instances the
lymph was taken directly from the heifer,
and yet one of the most destructive epi-
demics raged there during the winter of
1870-71. In the four months, October,
November, December and January, 6,423
persons died there of small-pox, and in the
fifteen months from the 1st of January of
1870 to the 31st of March 1871, a total
of 13,035.

In the city of Berlin, Prussia, during the
year 1871, occurred 17,020 cases of small-
‘pox, of which 14,287 were vaccinated and
2,733 were not vaccinated. The mortality
of small-pox numbered 3,536 (according to
Virchow, Sterblichkeit Berlin’s, 5,215) of
which 2,410 were vaccinated and 1,126 un-
vaccinated cases.

An epidemic of small-pox devastating
the population of Philadelphia in 1871-72,
numbered 15,629 cases, with 3,899 deaths.
The statistics of ۲ successful” vaccination
report for the same period the number of

48,724, of which 30,526 pertain to the
year 1871.

However, the statistics of Berlin and
Philadelphia state the mortality among
those not vaccinated to exceed that of
those vaccinated by far. At Berlin, of the
unvaccinated, the percentage of mortality
was 41.2, and of the vaccinated 16.8, At
Philadelphia, of the unvaccinated, 60.42,
and of the vaccinated 28.78. But other

15

surprising—nay, alarming—facts are dis-
covered ,that this district suffered second
highest as to the number of cases, and un-
paralleled in the rate of mortality—96.2
per cent.

These records of Vienna also corroborate
the great truths that small-pox morbidity
and mortality can not be affected by vac-
cination, but that they are on a parallel—
even proportionately—with poverty and
ignorance, in comparison to where comfort
of life and a higher rate of intelligence are
enjoyed. These facts precisely correspond
with those already indicated above, of
Philadelphia and Berlin, and demonstrate
the fallacy of indiscriminate statistical
data which are based only on the perform-
ance or omission of vaccination. The
observance of vaccination and revaccina-
tion is a matter of incidentality, as the
wealthier and better educated class does
not omit it mainly from fear, as we know,
and the class of the proletory and unedu-
cated neglect it from want of means and
from indifference. But the following table
affords the proof that vaccination is devoid
even of a shadow of prophylactic influence
against small-pox, and by the data of the
fifth district, where the *‘ protective influ-
ence” of vaccination was with the greatest
assiduity ‘* brought to those in need of
protection,” the fact of the most untoward
results is demonstrated.

Morbidity and mortality of small-pox at

Vienna in 1877 of all the districts :

Morbidity. Mortality.

First District. s.es seess 89 4
Second District. + 290 56
Third District. « + 856 70
Fourth District. . 1637 85
Fifth District. ee 292 281
Sixth District >e 160 41
Seventh Distric! .. 191 82
Eighth District........ 79 13
Ninth District... 11 14
Tenth District. ........ 88 18
Totals. ...ءءء ...ءءء‎ 749 564

Now, in conclusion, in view of the patho-
chemical action of variola, and the danger
and utter futility of vaccination, above
abundantly set forth, must not, then, its
claimed ‘ protection” against small-pox be
regarded as a vanity, and its continued
practice a crime?

Sr. Louis, 1302 S. Fifth street.

FAILURE OF VACCINATION.

originated and prevailed with an unsur-
passed degree of intensity.

At Vienna, Austria, in 1877, an epidemic
of small-pox prevailed, numbering in the
ten districts of that city, 1,749 cases and
564 deaths, as we have already seen, but as
there was. on this occasion, no opportunity
to charge this occurrence to an ‘ importa-
tion,” in subserviance to the alma mater, it
is stated, that it was one of the subsequent
epidemics of which the ‘* germs of infec-
tion” had remained over in several of the
districts from 1872,* and again vaccination
and reyaccination had been urged, as also
performed, most assiduously. But no bet-
ter illustration could be adduced in proof
of the signal failure of the ۵
power” of vaccination against small-pox,
than the reproduction of the statistical data
contained in the annual report of the
‘* Stadtfysikat” of Vienna for 1877, p. 45.
There it is stated that 14,195 primary vac-
cinations had been performed, and 1,022
revaccinations. The number of primary
vaccinations exceeded that of the year
previous (1875) by 4,368.

Now in special reference to the fifth dis-
trict, which is classified as the least cared
for, but it is reported that 1,457 primary
vaccinations were there performed, against
784 the year previous, inducing to the self-
congratulation: “the spreading of small-
pox was thus most energetically counter-
acted,”{ and then comparing the lists of
small-pox morbidity and mortality, the

* Jahresbericht ect. 1877, page 62, These mis-
reptesentations find their analogy in the explana-
tion of the reoccurrence of yellow feyer at Mem-

his; in 1879, by the national health authorities.
jy them it was also asserted that the “germs of
infection” had remained over from the epidemic
of the year previous. Also bv the report of the
“Scientific Commission” (Deputation), appointed
for the purpose, to state that “vaccination pro-
tected and never injured,” to afford a basis for
ald the compulsory vaccination law of the
erman Empire.

t The importance of the subject will justify the
reproduction of the whole sentence in the original
tongus: *“ Bs ist aber durch diesen Aufschwung
in der oeffentlichen Impfui erade in den von
den aermsten Bewohnern die Wahithat des Blat-
terschutzes von den Sanitaetsorganen sozusegen
entgegengebracht und dadurch der Blatternver-
breitung in den verwahrlosesten und am dichtesten
bewohnten Staetten energisch entgegengearbeited
worden.” 2. 48. Also compare pp. 45, 114, 146.